Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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Partially migratory; most movements involve short distances, and species sedentary over large areas. Migration varies from year to year, but most marked in populations of Black Sea and especially N Caspian Sea; birds start to leave breeding grounds towards end of Aug, returning in Mar/Apr; major winter quarters in S Caspian Sea, with less important numbers along coasts of Adriatic, Aegean and NE Mediterranean. Accidental, occasionally irruptive in C Europe, also vagrant to Tunisia, Lebanon and Pakistan.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 1992)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (1992) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).