Species fact sheet by Global Register of Migratory Species - www.groms.de

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N populations migrate S more or less regularly; NW populations particularly migratory. Non-breeding distribution greatly dependent on abundance of mast; in most years, N limits from S & E Minnesota and SC Wisconsin across to extreme S Ontario, and W limits E Kansas and Oklahoma. Also somewhat nomadic in winter throughout range. autumn dispersal and migration from Aug to Nov, singly and in small groups; return from winter quarters from late Feb, mostly in Mar, often large numbers along shores of Great Lakes. Migration mostly diurnal. Records outside range not frequent, especially in W USA, more rarely in W Canada; single vagrant recorded in Bermuda.   (del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds), 2002)

• digitised by GROMS, after del Hoyo J A Elliott; J Sargatal (eds) (2002) - www.hbw.com,
• Copyright: GROMS/BfN - www.groms.de
  
  (A digitised version of this map is published in GIS shape format on the GROMS CD).